Enhancing Operational Planning and Situational Awareness for Cyberspace Operations (CO), Based on the Crossed Swords Exercises

Abstract

Cyberspace Operations (CO) planners face unique challenges in modern warfare, requiring a comprehensive understanding of cyberspace layers and a systematic planning framework. Exercises such as Locked Shields and Crossed Swords (XS) enhance cybersecurity skills, teamwork, and decision-making under pressure. Visual planning tools can improve operational planning and situational awareness in COs by providing a holistic picture of the operating environment. This facilitates better decision-making and coordination and fosters a cooperative defence mindset among allies. Using lessons from XS, this study uses a design science methodology to create a Cyber Planner application. The research team was able to observe current procedures, evaluate the efficacy of current tools, and get input from CO planners participating in the exercise. XS offered a valuable framework for identifying operational issues in cyber operations planning. Through iterative design modifications based on user experiences and needs, the exercise provided a real-world testing ground to assess the Cyber planners’ initial version. The study intends to improve situational awareness and operational planning skills in cyberspace using the lessons acquired from the exercise. The user requirements for the Cyber Planning tool were identified through a literature review and interviews, resulting in 30 user requirements included in an online survey. The online survey, which was directed at CO planners, validated most of the identified user requirements, ensuring the tool meets the demands and expectations of its intended users. Integrating risk management into a CO planning tool can improve situational awareness, response times, and defence strategies, enabling real-time monitoring, analysis, and decision-making. Advanced data visualisation and Cyber planning tools are needed for improved decision-making.