A Survey of Power and Electromagnetic-Based Side-Channel Attack Countermeasures

Abstract

Cryptography is a cornerstone of modern computing security, but it remains vulnerable to Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs), which exploit hardware implementations to compromise encryption. SCAs pose significant cybersecurity risks by extracting sensitive information, such as encryption keys, through passive observation of side-channel leakage or active manipulation of system operations. This paper reviews non-invasive power and EM-based SCAs, evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of existing countermeasures, and identifies gaps that warrant further research. The analysis aims to guide the development of robust defenses and inform future efforts to secure cryptographic systems against evolving threats.