Figures of Speech: Boosting Tacit Knowledge Externalization in Projects

Abstract

“Using the process of Externalization, subjective tacit knowledge based on experience is converted into objective explicit knowledge” (Tiwana, 2002). Externalization is the most difficult process to put into practice. “It is a quintessential knowledge-creation process in that tacit knowledge becomes explicit, taking the shapes of metaphors, analogies, concepts, hypotheses or models” (Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995). “Tacit knowledge, by its nature, it’s hard to articulate through analytical methods of deduction and induction” (Villa, 2023). Literal language uses words in their most basic sense for conveying information clearly and directly. Although literal language is straightforward and factual, it nevertheless proves limited in uncovering tacit knowledge. Literal language can describe the tip of the iceberg, ignoring the iceberg. While literal language conveys the exact meaning of words, figurative language conveys a deeper more imaginative meaning. Thus, figurative language should be used for uncovering the iceberg. Figures of speech are linguistic tools used to convey meaning and enhance the impact of language by deviating from the literal interpretation of words. They add richness and depth to writing, depicting something in a non-literal way, evoking emotions, painting vivid pictures, highlighting the essence of a personal experience, conveying a concept in a tasty fragrant way, avoiding time-consuming details. An appropriate metaphor is worth much more than a thousand words! This paper is aimed at discussing in a very practical way the application of a set of figures of speech for boosting the externalization of tacit knowledge in projectized environments. First of all, each figure of speech is briefly explained in terms of meaning, purpose, and application. Then benefits deriving from figures of speech are discussed. Similarly, the obstacles to use the figures of speech in a shared and effective manner. Finally, some advices are provided to project key roles, such as project manager, subject matter experts, agile coach, in order to become more familiar with figures of speech in projects. This way, figures of speech can effectively bridge knowledge management and project management, enhancing project success and personal development.