An Inquiry into the Socio-Political and Economic Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan through the Lens of Feminist and Achievement Theories

Abstract

The role of women’s entrepreneurship in achieving a gender-inclusive society and economic growth is undeniable. However, women entrepreneurs in Pakistan, despite several supporting initiatives by the government and NGOs, continue to face numerous socio-political and economic challenges, hindering their participation in business activities. This study aims to uncover these multifaceted challenges and the strategies to overcome them. Drawing on Liberal Feminist Theory and McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory, this qualitative, phenomenological study captures the voices of 36 women entrepreneurs across major metropolitan cities in Pakistan. Findings reveal that participants struggle with entrenched patriarchal norms, gender discrimination, limited mobility, restricted access to finance, and other barriers. Despite these constraints, they demonstrate resilience through networking, mentoring, skill enhancement strategies, social media engagement, and innovative business practices. This study sheds light on how women entrepreneurs transform adversity into opportunity, offering valuable insights for policymakers and scholars seeking to promote gender equity and entrepreneurial inclusivity in emerging economies.